Morality（ISBN=9780521457293） 下载 fb2 pdf rb kindle 115盘 极速 azw3

Bernard Williams' remarkable essay on morality confronts the

problems of writing moral philosophy, and offers a stimulating

alternative to more systematic accounts that seem nevertheless to

have left all the important issues somewhere off the page.

Preface

Preface to the Canto edition

The amoralist

Subjectivism: first thoughts

Interlude: Relativism

Subjectivism: further thoughts

'Good'

Goodness and roles

Moral standards and the distinguishing mark of man

God, morality, and prudence

What is morality about?

Utilitiarianism.

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LET us at this stage of the argument about subjectivism take a brief rest and look round a special view or assemblage of views which has been built on the site of moral disagreements between societies. This is relativism, the anthropologist's heresy, possibly the most absurd view to have been advanced ever in moral philosophy. In its vulgar and unregenerate form (which I shall consider, since it is both the most distinctive and the most influential form) it consists of three propositions: that 'right' means (can only be coherently understood as meaning) 'right for a given society' ; that 'right for a given society' is to be understood in a functionalist sense; and that (therefore) it is wrong for people m one society to condemn, interfere with, etc., the values of another society. A view w...

Men do, as a matter of fact, find value in such things submission, trust, uncertainty,risk even despair and suffering, and these values can scarcely all be related to a central ideal of happiness.

the more basic moral rules and conceptions are strongly internalized in upbringing, at the level from which they do not merely evaporate with the departure of policemen or censorious neighbors. This is part of what it is for them to be moral rules, as opposed to merely legal requirements or matters of social convention. The effects of moral education can actually be to make people want to act, quite often, in a non-self-interested way, and it often succeeds in making it at least quite difficult, for internal reasons, to behave appallingly.

It does not follow from this that having sympathetic concern for others is a necessary condition of being in the world of morality, that the way sketched is the only way into morality.

It is perhaps worth nothing, in passing, that one of the (numerous) advantage of Hume's emphasis in this matter, with its stress on sympathy and feeling for other people's situation, as opposed to the Kantian emphasis on acting from principle, is that it introduces a similarity between the sorts of reasons one has for doing things for others, and sorts of reasons one has for doing them for oneself. Despite the mechanical character of Hume's psychological system, it makes some sense of the idea that to care about others' pain is an extension of caring about one's own:the second is indeed necessary condition of the first, and there is certainly no problem about why a man who is concerned about others may not also be reasonably concerned about himself.

Moral judgments must (at least to this extent) mean what we take them to mean; and what we take them to mean, the way we use them is such that they do not merely make autobiographical claims, but sort of claim which is being rejected by someone who utters a contrary moral judgment.

书籍介绍

Bernard Williams's remarkable essay on morality confronts the problems of writing moral philosophy, and offers a stimulating alternative to more systematic accounts that seem nevertheless to have left all the important issues somewhere off the page. Williams explains, analyzes and distinguishes a number of key positions, from the purely amoral to notions of subjective or relative morality, testing their coherence before going on to explore the nature of "goodness" in relation to responsibilities and choice, roles, standards, and human nature.