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本书是对高等院校本科二年级计算机组成原理与汇编语言程序设计的传统教材的全新替代版。本书以实践中常运用的方式讲解汇编语言——实现小型、快速或特殊目的的例程，这些例程由主程序（高级语言编写，如C）调用。通过运用嵌入式软件环境，本书介绍多线程程序设计、可抢占式系统与非可抢占式系统、共享资源和调度，从而为操作系统、实时系统、计算机网络及基于多处理器的设计等后续课程提供了坚实的基础。

本书将帮助读者：理解通常为人们所忽视的二进制表示的后果和局限性问题；运用定点（而非浮点）实数实现快速实数运算；加强对于作用域、参数传递、递归和内存分配的理解；运用C语言的特性（如位操作和变量访问），这些特性在嵌入式软件中广泛应用；编写Intel x86保护模式下的汇编函数，由C程序调用；估算不同类型输入/输出程序设计的*数据速率和等待时间；管理多线程、共享资源和临界区；开发程序设计实例，以避免优先级倒置、死锁和共享内存问题。

本书适用于高等院校工科各专业本科嵌入式计算机系统程序设计、C语言程序设计及汇编语言程序设计类课程，也可供相关技术人员学习参考。

Preface

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 What is an Embedded System?

1.2 What's Unique About the Design Goals for Embedded Software?

1.3 What Does "Real-Time" Mean?

1.4 What Does "Multitasking" Mean?

1.5 How Powerful Are Embedded Processors?

1.6 What Programming Languages Are Used?

1.7 What Is a "Real-Time Kernel"?

1.8 How Is Building an Embedded Application Unique?

1.9 How Big Are Typical Embedded Programs?

1.10 The Software Used in This Book

Problems

Chapter 2 Data Representation

2.1 Fixed-Precision Binary Numbers

2.1.1 Positional Number Systems

2.1.2 Binary-to-Decimal Conversion

2.1.3 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion

2.1.4 Counting

2.1.5 Fixed Precision and Rollover

2.1.6 Hexadecimal Representation

2.2 Binary Representation of Integers

2.2.1 Signed Integers

2.2.2 Positive and Negative Representations of the Same Magnitude

2.2.3 Interpreting the Value of a 2's-Complement Number

2.2.4 More on Range and Overflow

2.2.5 2's Complement and Hardware Complexity

2.3 Binary Representation of Real Numbers

2.3.1 Fixed-Point Representation

2.3.2 Fixed-Point Using a Universal 16.16 Format

2.3.3 Fixed-Point Using a Universal 32.32 Format

2.3.4 Floating-Point Representation

2.4 ASCII Representation of Text

2.5 Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD)

Problems

Chapter 3 Getting the Most Out of C

3.1 Integer Data Types

3.2 Mixing Data Types

3.3 Useful Typedefs and Defines

3.4 Manipulating Bits in Memory

3.4.1 Testing Bits

3.4.2 Setting, Clearing, and Inverting Bits

3.4.3 Extracting Bits

3.4.4 Inserting Bits

3.5 Manipulating Bits in I/O Ports

3.5.1 Write-Only I/O Ports

3.5.2 Ports Differentiated by Reads Versus Writes

3.5.3 Ports Differentiated by Sequential Access

3.5.4 Ports Differentiated by Bits in the Written Data

3.6 Accessing Memory-Mapped I/O Devices

3.6.1 Accessing Data Through a Pointer

3.6.2 Arrays, Pointers, and the "Address of" Operator

3.7 Structures

3.7.1 Packed Structures

3.7.2 Bit Fields

3.8 Variant Access

3.8.1 Casting the Address of an Object

3.8.2 Using Unions

Problems

Chapter 4 A Programmer's View of Computer Organization

4.1 Memory

4.2 The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

4.2.1 The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

4.2.2 Other Registers

4.2.3 The Control Unit

4.3 Input/Output (I/O)

4.4 Introduction to the Intel Architecture

4.4.1 Instruction Formats

4.4.2 Instruction Operands

4.4.3 Operand Restrictions

4.4.4 Registers

4.4.5 The Stack

4.5 The Intel Real Mode Architecture

4.5.1 Segmented Addressing

4.5.2 Addressing Modes

4.6 The Intel Protected Mode Architecture

4.6.1 Segment Registers and The Global Descriptor Table

4.6.2 The Flat Memory Model

4.6.3 Addressing Modes

4.7 Operand and Address-Size Override Prefixes

4.8 The Intel Data Manipulation Instructions

4.8.1 Data Movement, Stack, and I/O Instructions

4.8.2 Arithmetic Instructions

4.8.3 Bitwise Instructions

4.8.4 Shift Instructions

Problems

Chapter 5 Mixing C and Assembly

5.1 Programming in Assembly

5.2 Register Usage Conventions

5.3 Typical Use of Addressing Options

5.3.1 Accessing Data Whose Address is a Constant

5.3.2 Accessing Data Whose Address is a Variable

5.4 Instruction Sequencing

5.4.1 Compound Conditionals

5.4.2 If-Then-Else Statements

5.4.3 Building Loops

5.4.4 Faster Loops with String Instructions

5.5 Procedure Call and Return

5.6 Parameter Passing

5.7 Retrieving Parameters

5.8 Everything is Pass by Value

5.9 Temporary Variables

Problems

Chapter 6 Input/Output Programming

6.1 The Intel I/O Instructions

6.2 Synchronization, Transfer Rate, and Latency

6.3 Polled Waiting Loops

6.4 Interrupt-Driven I/O

6.4.1 The Hardware Response

6.4.2 The Interrupt Service Routine

6.4.3 Programmable Interrupt Controllers

6.4.4 Buffers and Queues

6.4.5 Writing Interrupt Service Routines in Assembly

6.4.6 Writing Interrupt Service Routines in C

6.4.7 Nonmaskable Interrupts

6.4.8 Software Interrupts

6.4.9 Exceptions

6.5 Direct Memory Access

6.5.1 Double Buffering

6.6 Comparison of Methods

Problems

Chapter 7 Concurrent Software

7.1 Foreground/Background Systems

7.1.1 Thread State and Serialization

7.1.2 Managing Latency

7.1.3 Preventing Interrupt Overrun

7.1.4 Moving Work into the Background

7.2 Multithreaded Programming

7.2.1 Concurrent Execution of Independent Threads

7.2.2 Context Switching

7.2.3 Nonpreemptive (Cooperative) Multitasking

7.2.4 Preemptive Multitasking

7.3 Shared Resources and Critical Sections

7.3.1 Disabling Interrupts

7.3.2 Disabling Task Switching

7.3.3 Spin Locks

7.3.4 Mutex Objects

7.3.5 Semaphores

Problems

Chapter 8 Scheduling

8.1 Thread States

8.2 Pending Threads

8.3 Context Switching

8.4 Round-Robin Scheduling

8.5 Priority-Based Scheduling

8.5.1 Priority Inversion

8.5.2 The Priority Inheritance Protocol

8.5.3 The Priority Ceiling Protocol

8.6 Assigning Priorities

8.6.1 Deadline-Driven Scheduling

8.6.2 Rate-Monotonic Scheduling

8.7 Deadlock

8.8 Watchdog Timers

Problems

Chapter 9 Memory Management

9.1 Objects in C

9.2 Scope

9.2.1 Refining Local Scope

9.2.2 Refining Global Scope

9.3 Lifetime

9.4 Automatic Allocation

9.4.1 Storage Class "Register"

9.5 Static Allocation

9.6 Three Programs to Distinguish Static from Automatic

9.6.1 Object Creation

9.6.2 Object Initialization

9.6.3 Object Destruction

9.7 Dynamic Allocation

9.7.1 Fragmentation

9.7.2 Memory Allocation Pools

9.8 Automatic Allocation with Variable Size (alloca)

9.8.1 Variable-Size Arrays

9.9 Recursive Functions and Memory Allocation

Problems

Chapter 10 Shared Memory

10.1 Recognizing Shared Objects

10.1.1 Shared Global Data

10.1.2 Shared Private Data

10.1.3 Shared Functions

10.2 Reentrant Functions

10.3 Read-Only Data

10.3.1 Type Qualifier "const"

10.4 Coding Practices to Avoid

10.4.1 Functions That Keep Internal State in Local Static Objects

10.4.2 Functions That Return the Address of a Local Static Object

10.5 Accessing Shared Memory

10.5.1 The Effect of Processor Word Size

10.5.2 Read-Only and Write-Only Access

10.5.3 Type Qualifier "volatile"

Problems

Chapter 11 System Initialization

11.1 Memory Layout

11.2 The CPU

11.2.1 Setting Up a Flat Memory Model

11.2.2 Switching into Protected Mode

11.3 C Run-Time Environment

11.3.1 Copying from ROM to RAM

11.3.2 Zeroing Uninitialized Statics

11.3.3 Setting Up a Heap

11.4 System Timer

11.4.1 Timer 0: Timer Tick

11.4.2 Timer 1: Memory Refresh

11.4.3 Timer 2: Speaker Frequency

11.5 Interrupt System

11.5.1 Initializing the IDT

11.5.2 Initializing the 8259 PICs

11.5.3 Installing a New Interrupt Service Routine

Appendix A: Contents of the CD-ROM

Appendix B: The DJGPP C/C++ Compiler

Installation

Compilation

On-Line Documentation (Info)

Appendix C: The NASM Assembler

Installation

Running NASM

Appendix D: Programming Projects

Files Required from the CD-ROM for All Applications

Files Required for Nonpreemptive Multithreaded Applications

Files Required for Preemptive Multithreaded Applications

Compiling and Assembling Your Embedded Application

Linking Your Embedded Application

Preparing the Boot Diskette

Running Your Embedded Application

Appendix E: The LIBEPC Library

Memory Layout and Initialization

Display Functions (display.c)

Window Functions (window.c)

Keyboard Functions (keyboard.c)

Speaker Functions (speaker.c)

Timer Functions (timer.c, cycles.asm)

Interrupt Vector Access Functions (init-idt.c)

Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions (heap.c)

Fixed Point (fixedpt.asm)

Interfunction Jumps (setjmp.asm)

Miscellaneous Functions (init-crt.c)

Appendix F: The Boot Loader

Index

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书籍介绍

本书是对高等院校本科二年级计算机组成原理与汇编语言程序设计的传统教材的全新替代版。本书以实践中最常运用的方式讲解汇编语言——实现小型、快速或特殊目的的例程，这些例程由主程序（高级语言编写，如C）调用。通过运用嵌入式软件环境，本书介绍多线程程序设计、可抢占式系统与非可抢占式系统、共享资源和调度，从而为操作系统、实时系统、计算机网络及基于多处理器的设计等后续课程提供了坚实的基础。

本书将帮助读者：理解通常为人们所忽视的二进制表示的后果和局限性问题；运用定点（而非浮点）实数实现快速实数运算；加强对于作用域、参数传递、递归和内存分配的理解；运用C语言的特性（如位操作和变量访问），这些特性在嵌入式软件中广泛应用；编写Intel x86保护模式下的汇编函数，由C程序调用；估算不同类型输入/输出程序设计的最大数据速率和等待时间；管理多线程、共享资源和临界区；开发程序设计实例，以避免优先级倒置、死锁和共享内存问题。

本书适用于高等院校工科各专业本科嵌入式计算机系统程序设计、C语言程序设计及汇编语言程序设计类课程，也可供相关技术人员学习参考。